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Article History

Received: 23 January 2025

Accepted: 11 February 2026

First Online: 7 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests related to this work. Dr. Oikonomou is a co-inventor of the U.S. Patent Applications 63/508,315 63/177,117, a cofounder of Evidence2Health (with Dr. Khera), and has previously served as a consultant to Caristo Diagnostics Ltd (outside the present work). Dr. Oikonomou is an Associate Editor, Digital Health team at the European Health Journal. Dr. Nadkarni is an Associate Editor of npj Digital Medicine. Dr. Nadkarni was not involved in the journal’s review of this article. Dr. Nadkarni is a founder of Renalytix, Pensieve, and Verici and provides consultancy services to AstraZeneca, Reata, Renalytix, Siemens Healthineer, and Variant Bio, and serves a scientific advisory board member for Renalytix and Pensieve. He also has equity in Renalytix, Pensieve, and Verici. Dr. Mortazavi reported receiving grants from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US Food and Drug Administration, and the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency outside the submitted work. In addition, B.J.M. has a pending patent on predictive models using electronic health records (US20180315507A1). Dr. Khera is an Associate Editor of JAMA. He receives support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health (under awards R01HL167858 and K23HL153775) and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (under award 2022060). He also receives research support, through Yale, from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novo Nordisk, and BridgeBio. He is a coinventor of U.S. Pending Patent Applications 63/562,335, 63/177,117, 63/428,569, 63/346,610, 63/484,426, 63/508,315, and 63/606,203. He is a co-founder of Ensight-AI, Inc. and Evidence2Health, health platforms to improve cardiovascular diagnosis and evidence-based cardiovascular care.