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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 17 February 2026

First Online: 6 March 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare the following competing interests: Matthias Jung is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) #518480401. Jan M. Brendel is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) #540505270. Michael T. Lu reports funding to his institution from the American Heart Association, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Ionis, Johnson & Johnson Innovation, Kowa Pharmaceuticals America, MedImmune, National Academy of Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and Risk Management Foundation of the Harvard Medical Institutions outside the submitted work. Michael also holds common stock in Intel, NVIDIA, and AMD. Borek Foldyna reports institutional research support from NIH/NHLBI, AstraZeneca, MedImmune, Cleerly, and MedTrace, all outside the submitted work. Author Borek Foldyna is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging and a member of the editorial board for Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging. Borek Foldyna was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. Vineet K. Raghu is funded by AHA Career Development Award 935176 and NHLBI K01HL168231. Vineet also holds common stock in NVIDIA, Alphabet, Apple, and Amazon. The other authors do not have a competing interest.