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Authors
Wang, Zheyuan
Zhou, Yukun
Wu, Yilan
Goh, Jocelyn Hui Lin
Zou, Ke
Guan, Zhouyu
Chen, Yibing
Yang, Gabriel Dawei
Zhang, Ping
Yin, Changchang
Ran, An Ran
Chee, Miao Li
Xue, Can can
Soh, Zhi da
Yew, Samantha
Fang, Danqi
Liu, Xujia
Thinggaard, Benjamin Sommer
Grauslund, Jakob
Li, Haoxuan
Jin, Yixiao
Shu, Jia
Li, Tingyao
Jiang, Nan
Chen, Tingli
Li, Huating
Wang, Xiangning
Wu, Qiang
Sabanayagam, Charumathi
Wagner, Siegfried K.
Cheung, Carol Y.
Cheng, Ching-Yu
Sheng, Bin
Wong, Tien Yin
Keane, Pearse A.
Tham, Yih-Chung
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Award (318987/Z/24/Z)
Three-Year Action Plan to Strengthen the Construction of the Public Health System in Shanghai (2023-2025 GWVI-11.1-28)
Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (2023ZD0509202)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC2407000)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC2502800)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82388101)
Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (IS23096)
National Medical Research Council of Singapore (NMRC/MOH/HCSAINV21nov-0001)
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Article History
Received: 7 October 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 14 March 2026
Competing interests
: P. A. K. is a cofounder of Cascader Ltd. and has acted as a consultant for Retina Consultants of America, Roche, Boehringer-Ingleheim, and Bitfount and is an equity owner in Big Picture Medical. He has received speaker fees from Zeiss, Thea, Apellis, and Roche. He has received travel support from Bayer and Roche. He has attended advisory boards for Topcon, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Roche. T. Y. W. is a consultant for AbbVie Pte Ltd, Aldropika Therapeutics, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Carl Zeiss, Genentech, Iveric Bio, Novartis, Opthea Limited, Plano, Quaerite Biopharm Research Ltd, Roche, Sanofi, and Shanghai Henlius. He is an inventor, holds patents, and is a co-founder of start-up companies EyRiS and Visre, which have interests in and develop digital solutions for eye diseases. All potential conflicts of interest for consultancy, advisory boards, and positions in the start-up companies, and financial remuneration, if any, are managed by institutional policies under SingHealth and Tsinghua University. The other authors declare no financial or non-financial competing interests.
