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Authors
Freyer, Oscar
Mathias, Rebecca
Muti, Hannah Sophie
Orlovsky, Henry
Buch, Stephan
Ostermann, Max
Schönfelder, Anett
Poncette, Akira-Sebastian
Bassily-Marcus, Adel
Gilbert, Stephen
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (03ZU1210BA)
European Commission (101094218)
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Article History
Received: 14 July 2025
Accepted: 2 March 2026
First Online: 21 March 2026
Competing interests
: O.F. has a leadership role and holds stock in WhalesDontFly GmbH, and has had consulting relationships with Prova Health Ltd. S.G. is an advisory group member of the Ernst & Young-coordinated “Study on Regulatory Governance and Innovation in the field of Medical Devices” conducted on behalf of the Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety of the European Commission. The authors declare the following competing interests. S.G. has or has had consulting relationships with Una Health GmbH, Lindus Health Ltd, Flo Ltd, Thymia Ltd, FORUM Institut für Management GmbH, High-Tech Gründerfonds Management GmbH, and Ada Health GmbH, and he holds share options in Ada Health GmbH. A.S.P. has received research funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, as well as from the medical technology companies Masimo and Dräger. He also serves in an advisory capacity to Philips. A.S.P. is co-founder and managing director of INCH Health GmbH. All other authors declare no competing interests.
