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Article History

Received: 27 January 2026

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 17 April 2026

Competing interests

: The following competing financial interests are declared: C.P. received funding from NIHR and Versus Arthritis for research not related to this review and receives royalties for other published works from Wiley, Macmillan and ALCS. J.P. receives funding for part of his salary from the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley at Oxford NHS Foundation Trust. A.T. is Director of Lions Outback Vision and Ninox Vision in Australia, a social enterprise pioneering telehealth and diabetic retinal screening. The following competing non-financial interests are declared: C.P. is Chair of the NIHR Senior Investigator Award Panel and holds membership with NIHR study steering and advisory groups not related to this study. C.P. holds unpaid positions as Trustee/Treasurer, Foundation for the Sociology of Health & Illness (since Sept. 2024); Member of Governing Body, Green Templeton College, University of Oxford (since Oct. 2024); and Trustee & Publications Director, BSA (until Jul. 2024). AT holds a directorship with organisations involved in telehealth-based diabetic retinal screening in Australia. All other authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests. No author is associated as an editor with this journal or collection.