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Authors
Kim, Jong-Ho
Sohn, Jong-Hee
Lee, Jae-Jun
Kim, Hongsig
Kim, Yong Chul
Song, Geun Ho
Shin, Sang Eun
Hou, Jong-Uk
Kwon, Young-Suk
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation funded by the Korean Government (RS-2023-00223501)
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Article History
Received: 1 October 2025
Accepted: 30 March 2026
First Online: 13 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare that a patent application related to this work is pending. The patent application entitled “Method for estimating pain score based on a patient’s facial image” (application number: 10-2025-0182865) was filed by Hallym University Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation and Able AI Co., Ltd. Several authors of this manuscript are listed as inventors on this application. The patent covers aspects of the facial image-based pain quantification methodology described in this manuscript.
