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Authors
Cao, Jie
Balczewski, Emily
Ladhania, Rahul
Dhillon, Paramveer
Likosky, Donald S.
Janda, Allison M.
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Pace, Nathan L.
Freundlich, Robert E.
Colquhoun, Douglas A.
Fritz, Bradley A.
Schonberger, Robert B.
Kheterpal, Sachin
Mathis, Michael R.
Singh, Karandeep
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Michigan
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Article History
Received: 5 May 2025
Accepted: 4 April 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Competing interests
: All authors declare: M.R.M. has received a research grant from the US National Institutes of Health. K.S. receives research grant funding from the US National Institutes of Health and serves on Google’s consumer health advisory panel as a paid consultant for unrelated work. A.M.J. has received research grants from the US National Institutes of Health. Outside of this work, D.S.L. receives funding from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and National Institutes of Health. Non-author collaborator Dr. Robert Schonberger reports owning stock in Johnson & Johnson unrelated to the present work. Dr. Schonberger reports that his institution received support from Merck, Inc. for a study in which he was involved unrelated to the present work. No other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work are reported.
