Chu, Yuetan
Wang, Jianpeng
Luo, Peiyao
Chen, Hui
Zhang, Zhongheng
Zhang, Jiannan
Zhang, Yilan
Ju, Yingnan
Xiong, Yaxin
Luo, Xiqing
Sun, Jiuyue
Shi, Hongyu
Zhao, Mingbo
Qiu, Tinghui
Wang, Yiqi
Gu, Quankuan
Hang, Ping
Yang, Qiuyue
Guan, Jiaman
Zhang, Yi
Lu, Renpei
Han, Ci
Gu, Yaoyu
Wang, Changsong
Kang, Kai
Qiu, Zhaowen
Ge, Xin
Luo, Gongning
Gao, Xin
Yu, Kaijiang
Zhao, Mingyan
Meng, Xianglin
Funding for this research was provided by:
The China National Key Research and Development Program ((No. 2022YFC2504500))
The Huadong Medicine Joint Funds of the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LHDMD24H150001)
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (82172164, 82472243, and 82272180)
Heilongjiang Province Key R&D Program (GA21C011, JD22C005, and GA23C007)
Distinguished Young Science Foundation of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (2024JQ04)
Article History
Received: 17 October 2025
Accepted: 7 April 2026
First Online: 24 April 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests related to the scientific content of this study. Zhongheng Zhang is an Associate Editor of npj Digital Medicine and was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. Parts of this work are currently undergoing commercial translation at Heilongjiang Tuomeng Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin, China. The other authors declare no competing interests.