Bing, Hai-Long
Wang, Yan
Li, Shi-Ying
Li, Yuan-Wen
Wang, Qi-Min
Li, Liu-Mei
Liu, Sheng-Qun
Hu, Zhen-Hua
Wang, Tian-Wei
Lu, Qing-Wang
Ran, Ran
Wu, Yi
Xu, Shu-Sheng
Li, Hui-Jie
Huo, Jian
Liu, Chen
Hu, An-Min
Xia, Zheng-Yuan
Chu, Qin-Jun
Funding for this research was provided by:
International Association for Intelligent Anesthesia
Article History
Received: 3 December 2025
Accepted: 12 April 2026
First Online: 29 April 2026
Competing interests
: An-Min Hu is a shareholder of Shenzhen UnitedScheme Technology Company Limited but declares no non-financial competing interests. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.