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Authors
Lai, Qi
Cai, Qiang
Li, JunYan
Vong, Chi Man
Jin, Lei
Wang, Lei
Yan, Tao
Liang, XiaoKun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFF1206901)
shenzhen general program (JCYJ20240813154703005)
Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program (SGDX20220503111001006)
key research and development plan of Hubei province (2022BCE034)
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Article History
Received: 19 January 2026
Accepted: 17 April 2026
First Online: 10 June 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study used archived endoscopic surgical video data from all patients who underwent orthopedic endoscopic procedures at Xiangyang Central Hospital, China, between Sep 2018 and Dec 2025. The study involved no risk to participants and did not affect patient care. The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Institutional Ethics Committee.
