Luo, Shiwei
Quan, Quan
Yang, Ruimeng
Li, Cong
Yao, Jiaqi
Tang, Fei
Wang, Yisong
Zhou, Kevin S.
Liu, Jun
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hunan Provincial Graduate Student Research Innovation Program (CX20240305)
Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (2021RC4016)
Scientific research program of Hunan Provincial Health Commission (202209044797)
Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Accepted: 20 April 2026
First Online: 4 May 2026
Competing interests
: Author Kevin S. Zhou is Associate Editor of npj Digital Medicine. Kevin S. Zhou was not involved in the journal’s review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript.