Xu, Yupeng
Peng, Yige
Jiang, Yan
Xie, Jingtong
Xiang, Meng
Zhu, Qian
Wei, Jin
Cui, Ruoyan
Xu, Xun
Ma, Yuhang
Wang, Yufan
Kim, Jinman
Bi, Lei
Liu, Kun
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82201246)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82471109)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (YG2025ZD26)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (YG2025ZD26)
Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology Research Leader under the Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan (21XD1402700)
Clinical Research Plan of Shenkang Hospital Development Center of Shanghai (SHDC2022CRD001)
National Clinical Key Specialty Construction Project (10000015Z155080000004)
Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Accepted: 27 June 2026
First Online: 8 July 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing financial or non-financial interests. Author J.K. is Guest Editor of Collection of Multimodal AI for Digital Medicine in npj Digital Medicine. Author L.B. is Associate Editor of npj Digital Medicine. J.K. and L.B. were not involved in the journal’s review of or decisions related to this manuscript.