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Article History

Received: 3 April 2023

Accepted: 26 March 2024

First Online: 6 May 2024

Competing interests

: Financial competing interests for G.T. that may be interpreted as related to the current paper include current and prior funding from Novo Nordisk, Hoffman La Roche, Oracle, Draper Laboratory, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, NIH (NIBIB and NCI), Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, Karl van Tassel (1925) Career Development Professor, MIT, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) as well as employment by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Personal financial interests include equity/stock (Lyndra Therapeutics, Suono Bio, Vivtex, Celero Systems, Syntis Bio), board of directors member and/or consultant (Lyndra Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Suono Bio, Vivtex, Celero Systems, Syntis Bio) and royalties (past and potentially in the future) from licensed and/or optioned intellectual property (Lyndra Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk, Suono Bio, Vivtex, Celero Systems, Syntis Bio, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Mass General Brigham Innovation). Complete details of all relationships for profit and not-for-profit for G.T. can be found in . The authors S.S.Y., A.G., G.S., S.-Y.Y. and G.T., with R. Langer, report a patent application (US Provisional Patent Application No. 63/589,401) describing the system reported in the paper. The other authors declare no competing interests.