Cılasun, Hüsrev https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5421-1159
Moy, William https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2515-5450
Zeng, Ziqing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6981-2299
Islam, Tahmida
Lo, Hao
Vanasse, Alex https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0222-7352
Tan, Megan
Anees, Mohammad
S, Ramprasath
Kumar, Abhimanyu https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6208-6469
Sapatnekar, Sachin S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5353-2364
Kim, Chris H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4194-1347
Karpuzcu, Ulya R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9238-4256
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (2142248, 2230963, 2230963, 2230963, 2230963, 2230963, 2230963, 2142248, 2230963, 2142248)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8750-22-C-1034, FA8750-22-C-1034, FA8750-22-C-1034, FA8750-22-C-1034, FA8750-22-C-1034, FA8750-22-C-1034, FA8750-22-C-1034, FA8750-22-C-1034, FA8750-22-C-1034, FA8750-22-C-1034)
Semiconductor Research Corporation (2021-AH-3024, 2021-AH-3024, 2021-AH-3024, 2021-AH-3024)
Article History
Received: 2 April 2024
Accepted: 25 April 2025
First Online: 11 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interest: US patent no. 12,261,598 (Logic based ring oscillator coupling circuit) and US patent no 11,888,484 (Circuit having fully connected ring oscillators). C.H.K. is a co-founder and the CEO of COBI, which is developing quantum-inspired computing technologies. These interests have been reviewed and managed by the University of Minnesota in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. W.M. is a co-founder and the CTO of COBI. The other authors declare no competing interests.