Cılasun, Hüsrev https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5421-1159
Moy, William https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2515-5450
Zeng, Ziqing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6981-2299
Islam, Tahmida
Lo, Hao
Vanasse, Alex https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0222-7352
Tan, Megan
Anees, Mohammad
S, Ramprasath
Kumar, Abhimanyu https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6208-6469
Sapatnekar, Sachin S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5353-2364
Kim, Chris H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4194-1347
Karpuzcu, Ulya R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9238-4256
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (2142248)
National Science Foundation (2230963)
National Science Foundation (2230963)
National Science Foundation (2230963)
National Science Foundation (2230963)
National Science Foundation (2230963)
National Science Foundation (2230963)
National Science Foundation (2142248)
National Science Foundation (2230963)
National Science Foundation (2142248)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8750-22-C-1034)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8750-22-C-1034)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8750-22-C-1034)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8750-22-C-1034)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8750-22-C-1034)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8750-22-C-1034)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8750-22-C-1034)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8750-22-C-1034)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8750-22-C-1034)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8750-22-C-1034)
Semiconductor Research Corporation (2021-AH-3024)
Semiconductor Research Corporation (2021-AH-3024)
Semiconductor Research Corporation (2021-AH-3024)
Semiconductor Research Corporation (2021-AH-3024)
Article History
Received: 2 April 2024
Accepted: 25 April 2025
First Online: 11 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interest: US patent no. 12,261,598 (Logic based ring oscillator coupling circuit) and US patent no 11,888,484 (Circuit having fully connected ring oscillators). C.H.K. is a co-founder and the CEO of COBI, which is developing quantum-inspired computing technologies. These interests have been reviewed and managed by the University of Minnesota in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. W.M. is a co-founder and the CTO of COBI. The other authors declare no competing interests.