Qiang, Yi https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0124-0312
Gu, Wen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7722-5169
Jang, Dongyeol https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7255-5201
Shin, Yieljae https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5683-3840
Shi, Delin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4129-5920
Seo, Kyung Jin
Li, Gen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-3278
Vinnikova, Sandra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6619-3015
Wu, Shiqiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3181-3894
Iyer, Aditya
Artoni, Pietro
Ryu, Jaehyeon
Bai, Tianyu https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7427-9173
Dhawan, Vaishnavi
Medalla, Maria
Rosene, Douglas L.
Moore, Tara L.
Koppes, Abigail N.
Koppes, Ryan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3376-6358
Liou, Jyun-you https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4851-3676
Chandrasekaran, Chandramouli https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1711-590X
Cui, Xinyan Tracy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0470-2005
Wang, Shuodao
Fang, Hui https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3950-6979
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R21EY030710, U01NS123668, R01 AG068168)
National Science Foundation (2347978, CMMI-1847062)
Dartmouth College
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R56 NS112207, R00 NS092972, R01 NS122969, R01NS136622, R01 NS102725, U01 NS113279)
Whitehall Foundation
Brain and Behavior Research Foundation Moorman Simon Interdisciplinary Career Professorship
Oklahoma Center for the Advancement of Science and Technology (HR18-085)
Article History
Received: 8 January 2022
Accepted: 9 July 2025
First Online: 11 August 2025
Competing interests
: H.F., W.G., Y.Q. and K.J.S. are inventors on patent application US 19/058,657 filed by Dartmouth College that covers the 3D ROSE probe technology reported in this manuscript. H.F., Y.Q. and K.J.S. are inventors on patent US 11417987B2 covering the MagMatrix connector technology reported in this manuscript. The other authors declare no competing interests.