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Authors
Yan, Han https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3376-1697
Wang, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9241-3512
Li, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2005-7381
Phuyal, Dibya
Liu, Lixin
Guo, Hailing
Guo, Yuzheng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9224-3816
Lee, Tien-Lin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6935-5983
Kim, Minhyuk
Jeong, Hu Young https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5550-5298
Chhowalla, Manish https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8183-4044
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2024
Accepted: 4 September 2025
First Online: 6 October 2025
Competing interests
: H.Y., Y.W. and M.C., via Cambridge Enterprise, have filed a UK patent application (filing number, GB2418898.9; filing date, 20 December 2024) covering the clean interface described in this paper. The other authors declare no competing interests.
