Aili, Ablimit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7932-6481
Choi, Jihwan
Ong, Yew Soon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-169X
Wen, Yonggang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2751-5114
Funding for this research was provided by:
Nanyang Technological University (No. 021978-00001)
National Research Foundation Singapore (Energy Grid 2.0 Programme)
Agency for Science, Technology and Research (Grant No. M23L9b0052)
Alibaba-NTU Global e-Sustainability CorpLab
Article History
Received: 21 November 2023
Accepted: 7 August 2025
First Online: 27 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.