Zhao, Ruoyu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-8419
Wang, Tong
Moon, Taehwan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1197-6677
Xu, Yichun
Zhao, Jian https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7684-2320
Sud, Piyush
Kim, Seung Ju https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0405-803X
Liao, Han-Ting
Zhuo, Ye https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1385-9039
Midya, Rivu
Asapu, Shiva
Gao, Dawei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5525-8717
Rong, Zixuan
Qiu, Qinru
Bowers, Cynthia
Mahalingam, Krishnamurthy
Ganguli, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1993-7173
Roy, A. K.
Wu, Qing
Han, Jin-Woo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-1310
Williams, R. Stanley https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0213-4259
Chen, Yong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4846-7131
Yang, J. Joshua https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8242-7531
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command | Army Research Office (W911NF2120128, W911NF1810268)
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-24-1-0322, FA9550-19-1-0213)
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Research Laboratory (FA8750-22-1-0501)
National Science Foundation (2036359, 2023752)
Article History
Received: 10 May 2024
Accepted: 26 September 2025
First Online: 27 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.