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Authors
Fang, Runjiu https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7082-9636
Tian, Huihui https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9015-4817
Du, Yan
Zhao, Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6431-8665
Yang, Yinan
Guan, Shouliang
Li, Shengguang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7316-1660
Liu, Mengcheng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0733-8878
Xu, Ke
Fang, Ying https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2965-7287
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (21790393)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (32061143013)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (22102040)
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Article History
Received: 23 August 2023
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 5 February 2026
Competing interests
: R.F., H.T., Y.D. and Y.F. are co-inventors on a patent filed by the National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, China, on the flexible neural electrode technology described in this study. Y.F. holds equity ownership in Beijing BCIFLEX Medical Co., Ltd, an entity that is licensing this technology. All other authors declare no competing interests.
