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Liu, Qianhe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7517-4772

Zheng, Yu

Wu, Haotian

Michalek, Lukas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2257-5038

Ronchini, Margherita https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3261-9644

Mow, Rachael K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6448-5869

Wang, Weichen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7891-4089

Park, Hyunchang

Ji, Xiaozhou

Yu, Zhiao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8746-1640

Yao, Ze-Fan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5590-0768

Nishio, Yuya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0028-5507

Zhao, Chuanzhen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0162-1231

Pei, Jian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2222-5361

Bao, Zhenan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0972-1715

Funding for this research was provided by:

National Science Foundation (ECCS-2026822)

National Science Foundation (DGE-1656518)

United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-18-1-0143)

United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-21-1-0413)

United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-25-1-0008)

United States Department of Defense | United States Navy | Office of Naval Research (N00014-23-1-2446)

Chan Zuckerberg Biohub at San Francisco; Stanford Wearable Electronics Initiative

Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF22OC0076540)

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (F32EB034156)

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-04-15

Version of Record valid from 2026-04-15