Liu, Yong
Song, Wentao
Zhang, Weidong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9556-3735
Liang, Yuanmei
Saini, Mukesh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-5298
He, Yuanzhi
Zhu, Jing
Chen, Zhongxin
Zhang, Guoliang
Xie, Jin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4235-7441
Xu, Xiaozhi
Bazan, Guillermo C.
Foo, Jee Loon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-0224
Chang, Matthew Wook https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6448-6319
Liu, Bin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0956-2777
Mao, Xianwen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5156-4493
Article History
Received: 7 November 2024
Accepted: 31 March 2026
First Online: 28 April 2026
Competing interests
: X.M., B.L., Y.L., J.L.F. and M.W.C. have filed patent applications based on this work. X.M., B.L. and Y.L. have filed a provisional patent application ‘Single-particle functional imaging uncovers interfacial charge transfer efficiency between shaped semiconductors and electroactive microbes’ on 17 June 2025 with the Registry of Patents, Singapore (SG patent application no. 10202501667Y). Y.M.L., J.L.F. and M.W.C. have filed a patent application through the National University of Singapore Technology Transfer Office (TTI Ref: 2025-070), which is currently under patentability assessment. The other authors declare no competing interests.