Nagel, Rebecca http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2925-1028
Pohle, Katja
Jordán, Lilla
Tuponja, Iva
Stainfield, Claire
Toscani, Camille
Fox‑Clarke, Cameron
Costantini, David
Czirják, Gábor Á. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-0069
Forcada, Jaume http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2115-0150
Hoffman, Joseph I.
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (316099922, 396774617)
RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council
EC | Erasmus+
Article History
Received: 25 April 2023
Accepted: 24 June 2024
First Online: 29 June 2024
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Sampling was carried out by the British Antarctic Survey under permits from the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (Wildlife and Protected Areas Ordinance (2011), RAP permit numbers 2018/024 and 2019/032). The samples were imported into the UK under permits from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Animal Health Act, import license number ITIMP18.1397) and from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (import numbers 578938/01-15 and 590196/01-18). All procedures used were approved by the British Antarctic Survey Animal Welfare and Ethics Review Body (AWERB applications 2018/1050 and 2019/1058). The Nagoya protocol has not been extended to South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands. We have complied with all relevant ethical regulations for animal use.