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Article History

Received: 8 June 2024

Accepted: 7 February 2025

First Online: 5 March 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study included local Chinese researchers throughout the research process. It is locally relevant as it studied multi-omics profiling of Chinese population, and this project was conducted in collaborations with doctors in two hospitals in China. The responsibilities have been discussed ahead of the research. This study is not severely restricted in the settings of the researchers and has been approved by research ethics committees at Beijing Tongren Hospital CMU (IRB number: TRECKY 2014-017) and registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) clinical research platform (register number: ChiCTR-OOC-17010546). The consent form was obtained from all the participants and patients were not compensated for the participation. Both tumours and the matched normal specimens (from adjacent normal tissue (NAT) or blood) were obtained during the surgical resection, and all ethical regulations relevant to human research participants were followed. We have taken local research relevant to this study into accounts when comparing their results with our findings, and the relevant publications have been citied in this article.