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Authors
Vargas-Irwin, Carlos E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3526-3754
Hosman, Tommy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4945-3708
Gusman, Jacob T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4605-9246
Pun, Tsam Kiu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7257-7867
Simeral, John D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6855-1963
Singer-Clark, Tyler https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8636-5075
Kapitonava, Anastasia https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1319-1932
Nicolas, Claire https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7761-3943
Shah, Nishal P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1275-0381
Avansino, Donald T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7974-0153
Kamdar, Foram https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2734-3247
Williams, Ziv M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0017-0048
Henderson, Jaimie M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-2267
Hochberg, Leigh R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0261-2273
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (U01DC017844, R01DC014034)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH115895)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (UH2NS095548, U01NS123101)
American Heart Association (19CSLOI34780000)
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2024
Accepted: 17 July 2025
First Online: 30 August 2025
Competing interests
: The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of NIH or the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government. The MGH Translational Research Center has a clinical research support agreement (CRSA) with Axoft, Neuralink, Neurobionics, Paradromics, Precision Neuro, Synchron, and Reach Neuro, for which LRH provides consultative input. L.R.H. is a non-compensated member of the Board of Directors of a nonprofit assistive communication device technology foundation (Speak Your Mind Foundation). Mass General Brigham (MGB) is convening the Implantable Brain-Computer Interface Collaborative Community (iBCI-CC); charitable gift agreements to MGB, including those received to date from Paradromics, Synchron, Precision Neuro, Neuralink, and Blackrock Neurotech, support the iBCI-CC, for which LRH provides effort. J.M.H. is a consultant for Neuralink and Paradromics, is a shareholder in Maplight Therapeutics and Enspire DBS, and is a co-founder and shareholder in Re-EmergeDBS. He is also an inventor on intellectual property licensed by Stanford University to Blackrock Neurotech and Neuralink. All other authors declare no competing interests.
