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Authors
Fotiadis, Panagiotis https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7287-9227
McKinstry-Wu, Andrew R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7078-4603
Weinstein, Sarah M.
Cook, Philip A.
Elliott, Mark
Cieslak, Matthew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-4734
Duda, Jeffrey T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5031-5735
Satterthwaite, Theodore D.
Shinohara, Russell T.
Proekt, Alexander https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9272-5337
Kelz, Max B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2803-6078
Detre, John A.
Bassett, Dani S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6183-4493
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2024
Accepted: 22 July 2025
First Online: 20 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Recent work in several fields of science has identified a bias in citation practices such that papers from women and other minority scholars are under-cited relative to the number of such papers in the field105–109. We obtained the predicted gender of the first and last author of each reference by using databases that store the probability of a first name being carried by a woman109. By this measure (and excluding self-citations to the first and last authors of our current paper), our references contain 3% woman(first)/woman(last), 12.9% man/woman, 29.7% woman/man, and 54.4% man/man. This method is limited in that a) names, pronouns, and social media profiles used to construct the databases may not, in every case, be indicative of gender identity and b) it cannot account for intersex, non-binary, or transgender people. We look forward to future work that could help us better understand how to support equitable practices in science.
