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Authors
Piekos, Samantha N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8119-6724
Barak, Oren
Baumgartner, Andrew
Chu, Tianjiao
Parks, W. Tony https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7341-3277
Hadlock, Jennifer https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6103-7606
Hood, Leroy
Price, Nathan D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4157-0267
Sadovsky, Yoel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-6737
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K99HD112600)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R21HD112819)
Richard King Mellon Foundation
anonymous foundation
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Article History
Received: 13 January 2025
Accepted: 30 July 2025
First Online: 18 August 2025
Competing interests
: L.H. and N.D.P. have served as scientific advisors for Sera Prognostics, a pregnancy diagnostics company, and NDP holds stock. The company is not associated with this study or any of the findings. NDP is the Chief Science Officer of Thorne HealthTech and has equity. Y.S. is a consultant at Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. All other authors declare no competing interests.
: We confirm that all collaborators in this study meet the Nature Portfolio journals’ criteria for authorship. Their invaluable contributions to the study’s design, implementation, and intellectual output are reflected in their inclusion as authors. Roles and responsibilities were clearly defined and agreed upon by all collaborators prior to the commencement of the research. The research conducted is of significant local relevance, a determination made in close collaboration with our local partners. This study was not severely restricted or prohibited in the primary researchers’ setting, and it does not pose any risk of stigmatization, incrimination, discrimination, or personal risk to participants. Local and regional research have been considered and cited appropriately within this manuscript.
