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Authors
Alam El Din, Dowlette-Mary
Moenkemoeller, Leah https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8354-6225
Loeffler, Alon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8866-3073
Habibollahi, Forough
Schenkman, Jack
Mitra, Amitav
van der Molen, Tjitse https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6147-542X
Ding, Lixuan
Laird, Jason https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5994-2236
Schenke, Maren https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5649-591X
Johnson, Erik C.
Kagan, Brett J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3355-7553
Hartung, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1359-7689
Smirnova, Lena https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0171-3881
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, 507269789)
International Foundation for Ethical Research, JHU Discovery Grant, JHU SUPRASS Grant JHU SURPASS program
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Article History
Received: 23 September 2024
Accepted: 30 July 2025
First Online: 16 August 2025
Competing interests
: T.H. is named inventor on a patent by Johns Hopkins University on the production of organoids, which is licensed to Axo-Sim, New Orleans, LA, USA. T.H. and L.S. are consultants for AxoSim, New Orleans, and T.H. is also a consultant for AstraZeneca and American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) on advanced cell culture methods. B.J.K. is a named inventor on patents by CCLabs Pty Ltd trading as Cortical Labs on the use of biological neural systems for intelligent purposes. B.J.K., F.H, and A.L are employees of Cortical Labs. B.J.K. and A.L. are shareholders of Cortical Labs. J.L is a data science consultant for Vindhya Data Science specializing in bioinformatics analysis. The rest of the authors declare no conflict of interest.
