Lee, Daniel D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-8501
Telfer, Kevin A.
Koenis, Mark. A. J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4589-1965
Lee, Yim K.
Namink, Kevin W.
Saunders, Brian T.
Lee, Heyun
Kelley, Hailey
Ruiz, Heather S.
Gaut, Joseph P.
Randolph, Gwendalyn J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9045-1195
Zinselmeyer, Bernd H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4172-6767
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (PO1 AG078106, PO1 AG078106)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32 HL007081)
SPARK grant from the Department of Pathology & Immunology at Washington University
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32 DK007130, DP1 DK130660)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U01 AI163064, R01 AI168044)
Article History
Received: 20 May 2025
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Competing interests
: Some of the authors have filed a provisional patent for the ADAPT-3D clearing method used in this manuscript.