Zhang, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0549-9202
Savvidou, Maria
Liaudanskaya, Volha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9409-0136
Ramanathan, Varshini
Bui, Thi
Lindley, Matthew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-8479
Fu, Yuhang
Sze, Ash
Ugwu, Ugochukwu O.
Dilsizian, Matthew E.
Chen, Xinjie
Nasritdinova, Sevara
Dey, Aonkon
Miller, Eric L.
Kaplan, David L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9245-7774
Georgakoudi, Irene https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0049-6697
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Defense (HU0001-20-2-0015, W911NF-23-1-0276, W81XWH2211065)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01EB030061, S10OD021624, P30CA023108, P41EB027062)
Article History
Received: 27 November 2024
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Competing interests
: I.G. is a co-inventor on U.S. Patent No. 10,712,272 (“System and Method for Assessing Cellular Metabolic Activity”). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.