Karuppasamy, Muthukumar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-9950
English, Katherine G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2757-5157
Conner, James R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8886-1475
Rorrer, Shelby N. https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5640-9669
Lopez, Michael A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-0761
Crossman, David K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0981-169X
Paul, Jodi R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5409-5944
Gutierrez-Monreal, Miguel A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8601-4080
Gamble, Karen L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3813-8577
Esser, Karyn A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-1441
Widrick, Jeffrey J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5597-1141
Kunkel, Louis M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6126-0242
Alexander, Matthew S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7406-5171
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21NS140497)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | NIH Office of the Director (U54OD030167)
United States Department of Defense | United States Army | Army Medical Command | Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (MD240021)
Hope4Gabe Foundation
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD071866)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (K08NS120812)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR066082)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR079220)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR064300)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA046096)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01NS082413)
Bernard F. and Alva B. Gimbel Foundation
Article History
Received: 7 March 2025
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Competing interests
: L.M.K. is a consultant for Pfizer, Dyne Therapeutics, and Myofinity for muscle disease drug therapies. M.S.A. is on the Solid Biosciences Advisory Board. All other authors declare no competing interests.