Tangwiriyasakul, Chayanin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5134-0767
Borges, Pedro
Pombo, Guilherme
Moriconi, Stefano
Elmalem, Michael S.
Wright, Paul https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5297-6257
Mah, Yee-Haur
Rondina, Jane Maryam
Ourselin, Sebastien
Nachev, Parashkev https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2718-4423
Cardoso, Manuel Jorge
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (WT213038/Z/18/Z)
Wellcome Trust (WT213038/Z/18/Z)
Wellcome Trust (WT213038/Z/18/Z)
Wellcome Trust (WT213038/Z/18/Z)
Wellcome Trust (WT213038/Z/18/Z)
Wellcome Trust (WT203148/Z/16/Z)
Wellcome Trust (WT213038/Z/18/Z)
Wellcome Trust (WT213038/Z/18/Z)
Article History
Received: 3 April 2025
Accepted: 29 December 2025
First Online: 4 February 2026
Competing interests
: M.J.C., S.O., and P.N. are founding shareholders in Hologen, a deep generative modelling company. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. A fast-marching algorithm is a part of technologies undergoing patent filing (PCT/GB2020/052368, PCT/GB2021/050349) owned by King’s College London.