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Interpreting molecular ratchets, directionality, and kinetic asymmetry through the work of Curie, Einstein, and Lewis

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-025-02303-x

Published Online: 2025-09-08

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Astumian, Raymond Dean https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7472-187X
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-09-08

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Article History

Received: 31 March 2024

Accepted: 1 September 2025

First Online: 8 September 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.