Li, Chunzhen https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6462-6840
Xu, Yuntao
Wu, Yufeng
Pace, Manuel C. C. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0415-579X
LaHaye, Matthew D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1911-0704
Senatore, Michael
Tang, Hong X. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5374-2137
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (MURI FA9550-23-1-0688)
the DOE Office of Science, the National Quantum Information Science Research Center, Codesign Center for Quantum Advantage
Article History
Received: 12 March 2025
Accepted: 1 November 2025
First Online: 15 November 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.