Elumalai, Jayaprasath https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0006-1474
Salih, Mohammed https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6882-4642
Fice, Martyn https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8814-2315
Brown, Adam
Li, Lianhe https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4998-7259
Linfield, Edmund H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6912-0535
Valavanis, Alexander https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5565-0463
Seeds, Alwyn J.
Davies, Alexander Giles https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1987-4846
Freeman, Joshua R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5493-6352
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/W028921/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (MR/S016929/1)
RCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (MR/Y011775/1)
Article History
Received: 28 April 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 4 February 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.