Carollo, Alexa R. https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1005-1520
Dan, Atasi
Liu, Haixin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6290-6084
Carlson, David R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0067-2400
Black, Jennifer A.
Papp, Scott B. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8290-7076
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | United States Air Force | AFMC | Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-20-1-0004 Project Number 19RT1019)
National Science Foundation (Quantum Leap Challenge Institute Award OMA – 2016244)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (LUMOS (HR0011-20-2-0046) and NaPSAC)
United States Department of Commerce | National Institute of Standards and Technology
Microelectronics Commons NW-AI-Hub
Article History
Received: 13 January 2026
Accepted: 21 April 2026
First Online: 7 May 2026
Competing interests
: David Carlson, Jennifer Black, and Scott Papp filed a US patent application involving the results in the paper (US Patent Application No. 19/093,599). David Carlson is a co-founder of Octave Photonics. All other authors declare no competing interests.