Chu, Natural H. S.
Ling, James
Poon, Emily W. M.
Lee, Jimmy Y. S. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3434-1326
Song, Qianbo
Zuo, Zhong
Muir, Jane
Chan, Juliana C. N. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1325-1194
Chow, Elaine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4147-3387
Funding for this research was provided by:
Merck KGaA (NA)
Chinese University of Hong Kong (RFS2223/0621/23)
Innovation and Technology Commission (MRP 029/21)
Article History
Received: 16 September 2024
Accepted: 16 June 2025
First Online: 31 July 2025
Competing interests
: E.C. has received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca, Procter & Gamble and ZP Therapeutics and institutional research support from Merck KGaA, Hua Medicine, Medtronic Diabetes, Powder Pharmaceuticals and Sanofi. J.C.N.C. has received research grants and/or honoraria for consultancy or giving lectures from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Hua Medicine, Lee Powder, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Servier, Sanofi and Viatris Pharmaceutical. Monash University financially benefits from the sales of digital applications and booklets associated with the low-FODMAP diet. The other authors declare no competing interests.