Rao, Aparna D.
Cai, Ling
Snyman, Marelize
Walsdorf, Rachel E.
Li, Xiangyi
Wix, Sophia N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7467-4185
Gard, Gabrielle https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8589-5496
Brown, Ariel B. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5634-2910
Kim, Juliana https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-4525
Santos Patricio, Joao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7045-4532
Muh, Sarah
Martin Sandoval, Misty
Zacharias, Lauren G.
Heimdal, Kristen A.
Gu, Wen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3003-8945
Homsi, Jade
Tillman, Brittny
Sharma, Rohit
Vandergriff, Travis W.
Solmonson, Ashley
Faubert, Brandon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2886-886X
Mathews, Thomas P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9355-8243
Morrison, Sean J.
DeBerardinis, Ralph J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2705-7432
Gill, Jennifer G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7167-7359
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (1K08CA279757)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (U01CA228608)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R01CA285336)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (U01CA228608)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (U01 CA228608)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R35CA220449)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (5P50CA070907)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (2P50CA196516)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (T32AR065969-08)
Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (2023-0237)
Dermatology Foundation (N/A)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP180778)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP210041)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP240494)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP240494)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP180778)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP180778)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP240494)
Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (RP180778)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (2038731)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (2038731)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (2038731)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (2038731)
Victorian Cancer Agency (N/A)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (N/A)
Article History
Received: 8 September 2024
Accepted: 20 June 2025
First Online: 29 July 2025
Competing interests
: B.T. has served on the Squamous Cell Carcinoma Advisory Board for Regeneron. S.J.M. is a founder of Stratus Therapeutics, a consultant to Conception Bio, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Inception Therapeutics. R.J.D. is a founder and advisor at Atavistik Bio and serves on the Scientific Advisory Boards of Agios Pharmaceuticals, Vida Ventures and Faeth Therapeutics. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.