Weger, Meltem https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9452-2373
Mauvoisin, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0571-0741
Hoyle, Dominic https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7694-2483
Wang, Jingkui
Martin, Eva
Rae, James
Ferguson, Charles
Klinke, Glynis
Cielesh, Michelle
Macauslane, Kyle L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-2609
Larance, Mark https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8579-2267
Quadroni, Manfredo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2720-4084
Templeman, Iain
Walhin, Jean-Philippe
Karagounis, Leonidas G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2403-3387
Betts, James A.
Johnston, Jonathan D.
Durussel, Fanny
Firsov, Dmitri
Fournier, Stephane
Müller, Olivier
Schulz, Benjamin L.
Parton, Robert G.
Weger, Benjamin D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1831-3561
Gachon, Frédéric https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9279-9707
Funding for this research was provided by:
Novo Nordisk Fonden (0087882)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (2019260)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (2030089)
Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (2016334)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (R01AG078241)
Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council (FL210100107)
Alzheimer's Association (22-917584)
Article History
Received: 3 February 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 5 February 2026
Competing interests
: B.D.W., D.M., E.M., L.G.K. and F.G. were employees of Société des Produits Nestlé SA. L.G.K. is on the scientific advisory boards of Vital Proteins and NUUN, has participated in advisory boards for Liquid I.V. and has received personal fees from RNWY and Nestlé Health Science; is a board member of Siftlink; and is an investigator on research grants funded by Unilever, Nuritas and Abbott. J.D.J. has collaborated with Nestlé and has undertaken consultancy work for Kellogg’s and International Flavors and Fragrances. J.A.B. is an investigator on research grants funded by GlaxoSmithKline, Nestlé, Lucozade Ribena Suntory, ARLA foods, Cosun Nutrition Center, Salus Optima (L3M Technologies) and the Restricted Growth Association; has completed paid consultancy for PepsiCo, Kellogg’s, SVGC and Salus Optima (L3M Technologies); is Company Director of Metabolic Solutions; receives an annual honorarium as a member of the academic advisory board for the International Olympic Committee Diploma in Sports Nutrition; and receives an annual stipend as Editor-in Chief of International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism. All other authors declare no competing interests.