A, Mu
Wang, Gang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4066-5280
Zammit, Nathan W.
Roth, Laura
Maierhaba, Yasheng
Bogoslavski, Dina
Cai, Chufan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6209-0820
Langston, P. Kent https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-1911
Zhang, Qiuyang https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3597-5624
Afonina, Inna S.
Beyaert, Rudi
Spiegelman, Bruce M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7658-4802
Mathis, Diane https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6110-4626
Funding for this research was provided by:
JPB Foundation (6293803)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1F32DK132864-01)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1K01DK141969)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (507975958)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute on Aging (AG072874)
Stichting Tegen Kanker (365C06721)
Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent (bof/baf/4y/2024/01/511)
Article History
Received: 11 December 2024
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 3 April 2026
Competing interests
: B.M.S. holds several patents on irisin: compositions and Methods for Brown Fat Inductions and Activity using Fndc5 (patent nos. 2848368, 11098092, 8969519 and 10093705), Methods for the Identification, Assessment, Prevention and Treatment of Neurological Disorders and Diseases Using FNDC5 (patent nos. 2014329606, 2020202676, 10,286,042 and 11,129,879). B.M.S. is an academic co-founder of Aevum Therapeutics, which is attempting to develop irisin as a therapeutic. M.A. is a consultant to Aevum Therapeutics. R.B. holds a patent on IL-33trap (patent no. US10703799B2). The remaining authors declare no competing interests.