Suzgun, Mirac
Gur, Tayfun
Bianchi, Federico
Ho, Daniel E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2195-5469
Icard, Thomas
Jurafsky, Dan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6459-7745
Zou, James https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-4764
Article History
Received: 11 December 2024
Accepted: 11 August 2025
First Online: 3 November 2025
Competing interests
: M.S. previously held research internship positions at Google Brain, Microsoft Research and Meta GenAI; none of these organizations had any role in the conception, design, execution, evaluation or writing of this paper. The other authors declare no competing interests.