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Authors
Serapio-García, Gregory https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1890-2331
Safdari, Mustafa https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1604-8685
Crepy, Clément
Sun, Luning
Fitz, Stephen
Romero, Peter
Abdulhai, Marwa
Faust, Aleksandra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3268-8685
Matarić, Maja https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8958-6666
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1144)
Luning Sun gratefully acknowledges financial support from Invesco through their philanthropic donation to Cambridge Judge Business School.
Stephen Fitz gratefully acknowledges support from the University of Chicago Research Computing Center, which provided compute credits essential to this research.
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Article History
Received: 25 September 2023
Accepted: 12 August 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Competing interests
: This study was funded by Alphabet Inc. (‘Alphabet’) and/or a subsidiary thereof. A.F., C.C., G.S.-G., M.M. and M.S. were employees of Alphabet at the time of this writing and may own stock as part of the standard compensation package.
