Torres, Marcelo D. T.
Zeng, Yimeng
Wan, Fangping https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1647-3278
Maus, Natalie
Gardner, Jacob https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1897-8384
de la Fuente-Nunez, Cesar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2005-5629
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | Defense Threat Reduction Agency (HDTRA1-21-1-0014)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R35GM138201)
National Science Foundation (IIS-2145644)
National Science Foundation (DBI-2400135)
Article History
Received: 18 August 2025
Accepted: 9 April 2026
First Online: 13 May 2026
Competing interests
: C.d.l.F.-N. is a co-founder and scientific advisor to Peptaris, Inc., provides consulting services to Invaio Sciences and is a member of the Scientific Advisory Boards of Nowture S.L. and Phare Bio. C.d.l.F.-N.’s laboratory has received research funding or in-kind donations from United Therapeutics, Strata Manufacturing PJSC and Procter and Gamble, none of which were used in support of this work. J.G. serves on the scientific advisory board of BigHat Biosciences, Inc. M.D.T.T. is a co-founder and scientific advisor to Peptaris, Inc. The other authors declare no competing interests.