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Article History

Received: 15 September 2023

Accepted: 9 July 2025

First Online: 5 August 2025

Change Date: 24 March 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: Since the version of the article initially published, the Supplementary information has been updated to amend several errors. This includes updates to the field-level N₂O emissions and soil carbon change values for Canada. These updates were made for Canadian rapeseed (Supplementary Table 1, Supplementary Discussion 1), wheat (Supplementary Table 2, Supplementary Discussion 2), and peas (Supplementary Table 3, Supplementary Discussion 3). These updates also resulted in changed to the estimated GHG emissions of Canadian rapeseed, wheat, and peas (Supplementary Discussions 4–6, Supplementary Figs. 1–6, Supplementary Tables 4–7), as well as the sensitivity analysis values (Supplementary Discussions 7–11, Supplementary Tables 8–29). There was also an error in the results of Supplementary Table 7, where values were shifted by one column, which was corrected in this version. The corrected Supplementary information is now available online.

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.