Liu, Yue https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9636-3655
Jiang, Ziyu https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2277-0944
Cottrell, Richard S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6499-7503
Tlusty, Michael F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7493-2025
Fitzsimmons, Kevin
Cao, Ling https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0456-0518
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42425603)
Article History
Received: 3 May 2024
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 4 November 2025
Competing interests
: L.C., M.F.T. and K.F. serve as volunteer judges for the Future of Fish Feed Challenge. This role had no involvement in the conception, design, data collection, analysis, interpretation or decision to submit this paper. The other authors declare no competing interests.