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Article History

Received: 9 January 2024

Accepted: 10 March 2025

First Online: 8 May 2025

Competing interests

: B.C.C. has received speaking fees from AstraZeneca and Hoffmann-La Roche and consultant fees; Regeneron, AbbVie, Iovance Biotherapeutics, DAVA Oncology, MJH Lifesciences, Bayer Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Johnson & Johnson, CDR-Life, Achilles, E.R. Squibb and AstraZeneca. B.C.C., C.W., S.J.A. and E.B.H have patent applications filed (US201962865697P, US202062976867P and US202263415674P) related to use of neoantigen-specific T cells, outside the submitted work. J.R.C.G. received consultant fees from Alloy Theraputics, has intellectual property (IP) with Compass Therapeutics and Anixa Biosciences; and is co-founder of Cellepus Therapeutics. E.B.H. has research funding from Revolution Medicines and consultant fees with Amgen, Janssen, Ellipses, Kanaph Therapeutics and ORI Capital II, outside the submitted work. S.K. reports nonfinancial and research financial support from BMS and AstraZeneca. T.C. has patent applications outside the submitted work related to determinants of response to immunotherapy in cancer: US20210308241A1, US20160326597A1, US20200232040A1, US20140113286A1 and US20190092864A1. A.M.L. received financial support from Iovance Biotherapeutics. J.M.K. has received research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb outside of the submitted work. Moffitt Cancer Center has licensed IP related to the proliferation and expansion of TILs to Iovance Biotherapeutics. Moffitt has also licensed IP to Tuhura Biopharma. S.A.P.T. is an inventor on such IP. S.A.P.T. is listed as a co-inventor on a patent application with Provectus Biopharmaceuticals and participates in sponsored research agreements with Provectus Biopharmaceuticals, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Intellia Therapeutics, Dyve Biosciences, Turnstone Biologics and Celgene, which are not related to this research. S.A.P.T. has also received research support that is not related to this research from the following entities: NIH-NCI (U01 CA244100-01, R01 CA259387, R43 CA257552-01A1 and R01 CA239219-01A1), DOD, Swim Across America and V Foundation; and has received consulting fees from Seagen, Morphogenesis and KSQ Therapeutics. J.K.T. has grant support for this work through P30-CA76292 and SU2C and has a patent awarded for Large Data Set Negative Information Storage Model. J.K.T. has also been funded through grants from Turnstone Biologics outside the submitted work. S.J.A. has received advisor fees from Achilles, Amgen, AstraZeneca, E.R. Squibb, Caris Life Sciences, Celsius Therapeutics, G1 Therapeutics, GlaxoSmithKline, Memgen, Merck & Co., Nektar Therapeutics, RAPT Therapeutics, Venn Therapeutics, Glympse, EMD Serano and Samyang Biopharm USA and research funding from Cellular Biomedicine Group. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.