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Article History

Received: 7 October 2024

Accepted: 22 April 2025

First Online: 24 June 2025

Competing interests

: G.A. declares honoraria from Novartis, consulting fees paid to the institute by Novartis, research funding to the institute from Novartis, Stichting tegen Kanker, Kom op tegen Kanker, research funding from ESMO and FWO; and travel, accommodations and expenses from Gilead Sciences and Pierre Fabre. T.C. reports speaker fees and/or honoraria (including travel and/or meeting expenses) from ASCO Post, AstraZeneca, Bio Ascend, Bristol Myers Squibb, Clinical Care Options, IDEOlogy Health, the Medical Educator Consortium, Medscape, OncLive, PEAK Medicals, PeerView, Physicians’ Education Resource and Targeted Oncology; advisory role and/or consulting fees (including travel and/or meeting expenses) from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Genentech, Merck, oNKo-innate, Pfizer, RAPT Therapeutics and Regeneron; and institutional research funding from AstraZeneca and Bristol Myers Squibb. M.S.v.d.H. declares research support from Bristol Meyers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Roche, 4SC and Merch Sharp & Dohme; and consultancy fees from Bristol Meyers Squibb, Merch Sharp & Dohme, Roche, AstraZeneca, Seagen, Pfizer, Janssen and Daiichi Sankyo. All grants were paid to the institute. C.U.B. has received research grants from Novartis, BMS and NanoString, is a paid advisory board member for BMS, MSD, Roche, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Lilly, Genmab and Pierre Fabre and holds ownership interest in Uniti Card, Neon Therapeutics and Forty Seven, all outside this submitted work. M.K. reports research grants from AZ–Daiichi, BMS and Roche, speaker fees from AZ–Daiichi and Gilead, compensation for advisory work from Alderaan Biotechnology, AZ–Daiichi, BioNTech, BMS, Domain Therapeutics, Gilead, MSD, Novartis and Roche and nonfinancial support from Natera. All grants were paid to the institute. M.C. is advisor to Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Agenus and Roche–Genentech and has received research grants unrelated to this study from Agenus, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Roche–Genentech. All grants were paid to the institute.