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Article History

Received: 19 February 2024

Accepted: 11 June 2025

First Online: 22 July 2025

Competing interests

: V.A. receives research funding to Johns Hopkins University from Astra Zeneca and Personal Genome Diagnostics, has received research funding to Johns Hopkins University from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Delfi Diagnostics in the past 5 years, is an advisory board member for Astra Zeneca and Neogenomics (compensated), and receives honoraria from Foundation Medicine, Guardant Health and Personal Genome Diagnostics; these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. V.A. is an inventor on patent applications (63/276,525, 17/779,936, 16/312,152, 16/341,862, 17/047,006 and 17/598,690) submitted by Johns Hopkins University related to cancer genomic analyses, circulating tumor DNA therapeutic response monitoring and immunogenomic features of response to immunotherapy that have been licensed to one or more entities. Under the terms of these license agreements, the university and inventors are entitled to fees and royalty distributions. W.S.M.E.T. receives research funding to the Netherlands Cancer Institute from MSD, AZ and Regeneron. N.N. is an inventor on patent application 17/598,690 submitted by Johns Hopkins University related to genomic features of response to immunotherapy. C.C. is the founder of CM Cherry Consulting. J.R.W. is the founder of Resphera Biosciences. K.N.S. has filed for patent protection on the MANAFEST technology (16/341,862), has received travel support/honoraria from Illumina, receives research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Abbvie and Astra Zeneca, and owns founder’s equity in Clasp Therapeutics. V.E.V. is a founder of Delfi Diagnostics, serves on the board of directors and as a consultant for this organization, and owns Delfi Diagnostics stock, which is subject to certain restrictions under university policy. Additionally, Johns Hopkins University owns equity in Delfi Diagnostics. V.E.V. divested his equity in Personal Genome Diagnostics to LabCorp in February 2022. V.E.V. is an inventor on patent applications submitted by Johns Hopkins University related to cancer genomic analyses and cell-free DNA for cancer detection that have been licensed to one or more entities, including Delfi Diagnostics, LabCorp, Qiagen, Sysmex, Agios, Genzyme, Esoterix, Ventana and ManaT Bio. Under the terms of these license agreements, the university and inventors are entitled to fees and royalty distributions. V.E.V. is an advisor to Viron Therapeutics and Epitope; these arrangements have been reviewed and approved by the Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict-of-interest policies. The other authors declare no competing interests.