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Authors
Silver, Natalie L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4618-6659
Dai, Jin
Kerr, Travis D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5460-860X
Altemus, Jessica
Garg, Rekha
Simmons, Hannah
Alban, Tyler https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3261-140X
Noel-Romas, Laura
Makarov, Vladimir https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4104-5876
Shih, David J. H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9802-4937
Kumar, Shwetha V.
Santos, Akeem
Akbani, Rehan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2686-7721
Burgener, Adam
Dwidar, Mohammed https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1366-0393
Gross, Neil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-0743
Sikora, Andrew G.
Sayour, Elias J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5309-3197
Stacy, Apollo
Jobin, Christian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3733-1001
Chan, Timothy A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9265-0283
Ferrarotto, Renata https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3561-215X
McGrail, Daniel J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6669-6069
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (R00CA240689)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Cancer Institute (5U24 CA264006)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (K08DE029503)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (R00DE031372)
American Cancer Society (RSG-24-1322538-01-IBCD)
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Article History
Received: 9 September 2024
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 2 January 2026
Competing interests
: T.A.C. is a cofounder of Gritstone Oncology and holds equity. T.A.C. holds equity in An2H. T.A.C. acknowledges grant funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Illumina, Pfizer, An2H and Eisai. T.A.C. has served as an advisor for Bristol-Myers, MedImmune, Squibb, Illumina, Eisai, AstraZeneca and An2H. T.A.C. is an inventor on intellectual property held by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center on using TMB to predict immunotherapy response, with a pending patent, which has been licensed to PGDx. E.J.S. consults for Siren Biotechnology and has immunotherapy patent applications under option to license agreements with iOncologi. N.G. reports grants or contracts and personal or consulting fees from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, personal or consulting fees from DragonFly Therapeutics, Intuitive Surgical, Merck, Replimune and Sanofi/Genzyme US Companies and support for other professional activities from PDS Biotechnology Corporation outside the submitted work. R.F. reports consulting or advisory roles for Regeneron, Sanofi, Ayala Pharmaceuticals, Prelude Therapeutics, Elevar Therapeutics, G1 Therapeutics, Guidepoint, Expert Connect, Remix, Eisai and Bioatlas in the past 24 months and research funds from Prelude, Ayala, Merck, Genentech, Pfizer, Rakuten, Nanobiotix, EMD Serono, ISA, Viracta and Gilead in the past 24 months. D.J.M. holds intellectual property for transcriptional signatures to predict response to ICB. The other authors declare no competing interests.
