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Article History

Received: 13 January 2025

Accepted: 25 November 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Competing interests

: M.P. reports receiving grants or contracts from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, European Commission, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Merck, Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals and Takeda Oncology; participating as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Janssen Global Services, Laboratorios Pfizer, Merck and Takeda Oncology and receiving travel reimbursement from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck, Pierre Fabre Pharmaceuticals and Takeda Oncology. M.M.A. reports receiving grants or contracts to his institution from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech and Lilly; participating as a consultant for Affini-T, AstraZeneca, Blueprint Medicines Corporation, D3Bio, EMD Serono, Gritstone, Iovance, Merck, Merus, Mirati, Novartis, Pfizer and Synthekine and participating on data safety monitoring/advisory boards for Apollomics and Bristol Myers Squibb. J.D.S. reports receiving grants or contracts to his institution from CLS Therapeutics, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck and Protalix BioTherapeutics and participating as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, ChemoCentryx, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Merck, Pfizer Canada, Protalix BioTherapeutics and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. F.M. reports participation as a speaker or lecturer for Amgen, AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Novartis, Pfizer and R-Pharm US; participating on a scientific advisory board for AstraZeneca and Pfizer; participating as an expert witness for AstraZeneca and receiving compensation for editorial work from AstraZeneca and travel reimbursement from AstraZeneca, Merck and Novartis. A.A. reports travel reimbursement from Johnson and Johnson, Merck and Servier Affaires Medicales and other competing interests from Servier Affaires Medicales. F.G. reports research grants to his institution from Pfizer, Roche and Takeda and consulting or lecturing fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Takeda and Viatris. N.F. reports a research grant to himself from Roche and participation as a consultant or advisor for AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, BerlinChemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Janssen Oncology, Lilly, Merck, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Roche, Sanofi and Takeda. T.J.N.H. reports research grants to his institution from AZD, Bristol Myers Squibb, Gilead, GSK and Roche and participation as a consultant or advisor for Bristol Myers Squibb. F.T. reports grants or contracts to his institution from Boehringer Ingelheim Japan, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly Japan, Ono Pharmaceutical and Taiho Pharmaceutical and participation as a speaker or lecturer for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Japan, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Covidien Japan, Eli Lilly Japan, Johnson and Johnson, MSD, Ono Pharmaceutical and Taiho Pharmaceutical. S.L. reports receiving grants or contracts to his institution from AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Hansoh Pharmaceutical, Heng Rui, Hutchison and Lilly Suzhou Pharmaceutical; research support from AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Hanson Pharma, Hutchison Whampoa, Jiangsu Hengrui and Roche; participation as a speaker or lecturer for AstraZeneca, Hanson Pharma, Heng Rui, Jiangsu Hengrui and Roche and participation as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, GenomiCare, Hutchison MediPharma, Hutchison Whampoa, InventisBio, Menarini Silicon Biosystems, Pfizer, Pfizer Canada, Roche, Yuhan and Zai Lab. C.C.E., P.S., P.T. and V.D. are employees and shareholders of Bristol Myers Squibb. T.C. reports receiving speaker fees/honoraria from ASCO Post, AstraZeneca, Bio Ascend, Bristol Myers Squibb, IDEOlogy Health, Medical Educator Consortium, Medscape, OncLive, Physicians’ Education Resources, PeerView and Targeted Oncology; participation fees as a consultant and/or advisor from AstraZeneca, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Caris Life Sciences, Daiichi Sankyo, Genentech, Johnson & Johnson, Merck, Moderna, Nuvalent, oNKo-Innate, Pfizer, RAPT Therapeutics, Regeneron and Summit Therapeutics; and institutional research funding to her institution from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb and Merck. A.J., Y.G., Y.W., F.F. and J.H. declare no competing interests.