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Article History

Received: 10 July 2025

Accepted: 19 December 2025

First Online: 29 January 2026

Competing interests

: K.L.K. reports institutional research support from Bristol Myers Squibb and trial support from GlaxoSmithKline, Immunocore, Varian Medical Systems and Merck. Z.E. is on advisory boards for Regeneron, Pfizer, Replimune, Incyte, Natera and SunPharma and receives research funding from Pfizer and Boehringer Ingelheim. S.H.-L. is a scientific advisor/consultant for Amgen, Ascendis, Astellas, BMS, Genmab, Endeavor, Immunocore, Merck, Nektar, Neon Therapeutics, Novartis, Regeneron, Replimune, Vaccinex and Xencor and contracted research through affiliated institutions with Astellas, Aulos Bio, BioAtla, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Checkmate, Dragonfly, Erasca, F Star, Genentech, Immunocore, Iovance, Kite Pharma, Lyell, Merck, Nektar, Neon Therapeutics, OncoC4, Pfizer, Plexxikon, Vaccinex, Vedanta and Xencor. K.M.C. reports being a shareholder in Geneoscopy and Georgiamune and has received consulting fees from Geneoscopy, PACT Pharma, Tango Therapeutics, Flagship Labs 81, the Rare Cancer Research Foundation, the Jaime Leandro Foundation, Noetik, AME Therapeutics and Georgiamune. D.A.W. reports clinical trial support from Orlucent and Blueprint Medicines. G.K.I. reports institutional research grants/contracts from Pfizer, Regneron, Replmune, Bicara, Merck, Georgiamune, Obsidian, Immunocore, Iovance and Xencor; serves on advisory boards for Pfizer, Regeneron, Replimune and Obsidian and is a consultant for Pfizer. A.I. reports research funding from Merck. J.H. reports institutional research grants/contracts from Merck, BMS, Iovance, Lyell, Natera, Skyline and Philogen. A.S.B. is an advisory board member for Deciphera and received research funding from Merck. B.C. serves on advisory boards for Atreca, Regeneron and Treeline Biosciences; is on the data monitoring committee for Servier and SpringWorks Therapeutics and receives clinical trial support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Macrogenics, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Advenchen Laboratories, Xencor, Compugen, Iovance, RAPT Therapeutics, IDEAYA Biosciences, Ascentage, Atreca, Replimune, InstilBio, Adagene, TriSalus Life Sciences, Kinnate, PTC Therapeutics, Xilio Therapeutics, Kezar Life Sciences, Immunocore, AskGene Pharma, Krystal Bio, Nested Therapeutics, Pierre Fabre, Georgiamune and Immatics. N.I.K. serves on advisory boards for Regeneron, Merck, Replimune, Immunocore, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Novartis, IO Biotech, MyCareGorithm and HUYABIO International; receives travel support from Castle Biosciences and Regeneron; is on the data safety monitoring board for Incyte and AstraZeneca; serves on the scientific advisory board for T-Knife Therapeutics; is on the study steering committees for BMS, Nektar, Regeneron and Replimune; owns common stock in Bellicum Pharmaceuticals and Amarin and receives research funding (to institute) from BMS, Merck, Regeneron, Replimune, GSK, Celgene, Novartis, IDEAYA Biosciences, Modulation Therapeutics and HUYABIO International. J. Markowitz receives research support from Morphogenesis (now TuHURA Biosciences) and Merck. M.M. serves on advisory boards for Merck and Regeneron. T.B. receives institutional research support from Replimune, Genentech, Amgen, Natera and Iovance. S.P.P. receives honoraria from advisory boards, steering committees, data safety monitoring boards or consulting from Bristol Myers Squibb, Cardinal Health, Castle Biosciences, Ideaya, Immatics, IO Biotech, MSD, Novartis, Obsidian, OncoSec, Pfizer, Replimune, Scancell and TriSalus Life Sciences. K.F.G. was employed by Merck from November 2021 to August 2023. V.K.S. is a consultant for Bristol Myers Squibb, Genesis Drug Discovery and Development, Merck, Mural Oncology and Novartis and receives research funding from Neogene Therapeutics, Skyline and Turnstone. E.S. is a consultant for DE Shaw Research and serves on the advisory board for Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals. A.R. has received honoraria from consulting for Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Novartis and Roche-Genentech; is or has been a member of the scientific advisory board; holds stock in Appia, Apricity, Arcus, Compugen, CytomX, ImaginAb, ImmPact, Inspirna, Kite-Gilead, Larkspur, Lyell, Lutris, MapKure, Merus, Synthekine and Tango and has received research funding from Agilent and Bristol Myers Squibb through Stand Up to Cancer (SU2C) and patent royalties from Arsenal Bio. S.L.B., W.E.C., J.A.P., C.M.C., E.M., I.B.-C., C.R.G., K.N., I.P.G., A.V.-C., J.M.C., N.N.A.D., J. Moon and M.C.W. report no competing interests.